Refinery

Cracking and Petroleum Products:

Almost all petroleum products consist of petroleum distilled in petroleum refineries. Refineries produce petroleum products according to the quality of the crude oil and the need. Oil is generally preferred as energy: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. Refineries can also produce other chemicals, some of which are used to make plastic or other products. Since it contains petroleum sulfur, most of this sulfur is also decomposed as a petroleum product. Hydrogen and carbon can also be used as products in the form of petroleum coke. Hydrogen is often used as a catalyst in other processes in the refinery or in hydrodesulfurization.

Cracking process; it is a transformation process; It is the process in which lighter hydrocarbons are obtained by breaking down heavy hydrocarbon molecules with heat and pressure (with or without catalysts).

The decomposition process of crude oil, whose main substance is Carbon (: C) and Hydrogen (: H), is simply as follows.

With this separation (: cracking) process, main products are produced under the headings of petrochemicals, naphtha, karosene, asphalt, diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, tar, paraffin, liquefied natural gas. Calculation and evaluation are made with the "barrel" unit of measurement that we often hear.

Before Cracking Process: Crude oil has large molecular structure, high density, high boiling point, non-volatile, difficult fluidity and difficult to ignite.

After Cracking: Crude oil is converted into forms with smaller molecular structure, lower density, lower boiling point. As it transforms, intermediate products emerge and each time it becomes more volatile, easier to fluid, and more quickly ignited.

The main products of oil refineries:

(1 Barrel = 42 Gallons = 159.5 Lt) 80 percent of a barrel of distilled oil is for fuel purposes. 20 percent is asphalt and other petrochemical products. The approximate percentage distribution of products obtained from a barrel of crude oil is as follows. 43% (: 68.5 Lt) Gasoline 18% (: 29 Lt) Diesel 14% (: 22 Lt) Petrochemicals 11% (: 18 Lt) LPG 9% ( : 14 Lt) Jet Fuel% 5 (: 8 Lt) Asphalt

Asphalt:

It is a black and brown organic substance ranging from stable, durable to solid state.
Properties: The chemical composition of asphalt, which is mainly a hydrocarbon, is quite complex and variable and is obtained from the distillation of petroleum or natural deposits. Asphalt, which is widely used today, is a by-product obtained from petroleum refining. The black substance obtained during the distillation of mineral coal is pitch. Soil and / or stone is added to it.
Asphalt; It is used to cover roads, airports, roof insulation, and provide waterproofing in structures related to water. It has adhesive properties. It is used in paint industry, battery production, coating water channels and bonding clay bricks. Asphalt generally emerged as a result of the oxidation of petroleum. So it is of oil origin. In the form of mud and lakes, it is also found in hard form between rocks underground. Hard ones are extracted from underground as if mining. It is also found in sandstones and clays.

Diesel or Diesel:

It is one of the distillation products of crude oil used in diesel engines.
The third main product taken during the distillation of crude oil at the boiling range of 200-300 ° C is diesel. Diesel oil is diesel engine fuel.
The diesel machine, which is the most sufficient mechanism to convert the heat of combustion to mechanical power, was discovered by Diesel in 1892, approximately 30 years after gasoline and gas machines. One of the reasons for the development of a high compression machine was due to the desire to use cheaper fuels. In terms of thermal efficiency, diesel engine is more efficient than gas and petrol machines. Because it works with a higher compression ratio, since the first produced diesels were heavy-speed and large cylinders, it was possible to use the fuel oil offered on the market by spraying into the cylinder and burning it. However, over time, when diesel manufacturers reduced their machine sizes and increased the number of cycles to produce more power, it became a necessity to produce fuels that would meet this need. Due to the impossibility of producing a separate diesel fuel for each of them, as various machine manufacturers manufactured different types of engines, ASTM had to subject them to a classification.

Fuel oil:

Or fuel oil is a dark colored, low-fluid petroleum product. Fuel Oil, which can be used in electrical, heat or steam systems, is preferred in all kinds of industrial factories, facilities and buildings. It is easily pumped, burns and saves.

Gasoline:

A kind of fuel made from petroleum.
Petrol pumps
Crude gasoline up to 150 ° C,
• Kerosene, kerosene, jet fuel up to 150-250 ° C,
Diesel fuel up to 250-350 ° C,
• After 350 ° C, heavy oils are obtained.
Chemically, gasoline contains more than 120 hydrocarbons, depending on the characteristics of the crude oil. Most of them are saturated hydrocarbons and contain 4 to 12 carbons.
Synthetically, it is possible to obtain gasoline from coal by the method of German chemist Bergius. According to this method, coal is converted into liquid hydrocarbons by catalytic hydrogenation under high pressure.
Fischer-Tropsch combined carbon monoxide and hydrogen catalytically to form a liquid hydrocarbon. With both methods, more expensive and inferior gasoline is obtained. However, there is a possibility that these processes will have commercial significance in the near future.
Gasoline from the breakdown of organic compounds, catalytic or thermal decomposition, provides the high performance required by most of today's engines. Gasoline is mostly used as a fuel in internal combustion engines and to some extent in special stoves, and as a solvent in organic chemistry. Gasoline, which was thrown out in the early days of the oil industry, gained great importance with the development of the automobile industry. The boiling point of engine gasoline is between 32.2 ° C and 210 ° C. In order for it to function fully as an engine fuel, commercial gasoline must be produced with the following characteristics:
1. It should be able to burn without stopping under different load and speed;
2. For the engine to start easily, it should evaporate sufficiently in cold weather;
3. It should not cause clogging by evaporating excessively in hot weather;
4. Eliminate compounds with high boiling points that cause engine soot formation;
5. It should not cause oxidation in the warehouse;
6. It should minimize spark plug clogging and carburetor icing.
The sensitive mixture of gasoline with air in engines is regulated according to the climate and season. The most important factor that determines the quality of gasoline is the octane number. The octane number is a measure of gasoline's ability to resist hit during combustion. If the octane number is too small, the engine hits and suffers damage. If the octane number is too high, unnecessary money is paid because it is not desired to be of high quality. Since automobile engines require various octanes, a large number of gasoline with different octane numbers is introduced to the market. There are slight differences in the energies of the various types of gasoline. If the car runs without hitting a valve, the distances it travels with different gasoline are the same.

Oil :

Or stone oil is a product bought after gasoline in refineries. While it was used only for lighting purposes in the past, it has also started to be used as heating, cooling, tractor fuel and jet fuel.
It is used as jet fuel with the name of kerosene. Kerosene dissolves tar stains. Kerosene is a liquid fuel, never think of it as a gas fuel. Kerosene cannot burn directly. We can pour it on cloth (cloth, rags, etc.) and burn it like that.

Tar:

It is a viscous black liquid obtained from the destructive distillation of organic matter. Most of the tar is derived from coal as a byproduct of coke production, but is also obtained from petroleum, peat or sap in the trunks of some trees such as cypress and juniper.

Tar Types: The word "tar" is used to describe many different substances. Nature-found "tar pits" (for example La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles) actually contain asphalt, not tar, and are actually known as asphalt quarries. The tar sand sediments contain different proportions of gum and dense crude oil and sand (or stone), just like the Tar Tunnel in Shropshire, rather than tar. "Rangoon tar", also known as "Burmese Oil" or "Burmese Nefti", is actually petroleum. "Tar" and pitch are sometimes used interchangeably; However, the tar is more solid while the tar is more fluid. The tar is used in making cigarettes. The liquid form of the tar used in cigarettes as seen in the picture on the right.

Naphtha:
It is a product between gasoline and kerosene, obtained by distilling petroleum between 100ºC and 250ºC.

Paraffin Candle:

(Latin parum affinis), a colorless, odorless candle derived from petroleum. Paraffin wax was first produced by Carl Reichenbach in 1829 from wood tar; then from all layers; It was obtained from petroleum after 1867. Synthetic paraffin wax was also made in 1947. It is a byproduct of oil. In addition, the crude oil must be de-waxed. The oily paraffin obtained as a by-product in the refining of crude oil is first melted in hot, then it is cooled to freeze only the paraffin and the paraffin in the form of frozen pulp is separated from its oily parts by filtering. Today, modern paraffin factories also produce paraffin wax on the basis of the above principle. Paraffin waxes made according to new methods contain up to 20% oil. In some cases, the amount of fat is reduced up to 3%. With further purification, the color, odor and taste are further improved. Sulfate acid and clay are used in the purification process. Paraffin waxes are derived from paraffin-based petroleum types such as Poennsylvania crude oil. The melting point of crude paraffin wax varies between 37 and 48 ° C and the melting point of fully refined paraffin wax varies between 48 and 66 ° C. Paraffin wax with a high melting point is mostly alkanes with 26-30 carbons. Synthetic paraffin wax was obtained by the Fischer-Tropsch technique after the Second World War. In this method, the raw material is coal. It turns into hydrocarbons with the catalytic effect of magnetic iron from the mixture of carbon monoxide and H2 obtained from coal. Some of the products obtained are paraffin wax. These are very white and harder than paraffin wax made from petroleum. The molecular weight of synthetic paraffins with 50-55 carbons is around 750 on average. It is used as a substitute for waxes made from petroleum due to some properties. Paper and cardboard dipped in paraffin or coated with paraffin are used for storing liquid and solid foods. Because paraffin waxes do not react. It is used as chemical and electrical insulating material in various branches of industry. It is used in the production of plastic, explosive and electrical materials in textile, pharmacy, cosmetics industry, and in the isolation of vaccine places in viticulture. It has replaced beeswax in candle manufacturing.