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Carbon Atom

Atomic Number : 6

Atomic Weight: 12.0107 (8 gr/mol)

Melting Point: 3823 °K (3550 °C or 6422 °F)

Boiling Point: 4098 °K (3825 °C or 6917 °F)

Intensity : 2.2670 grams/cm3

Phase at Room Temperature: Solid

Element Classification: Nonmetal (non-metal)

Period Number: 2

Group Number : 14

Group Name : none

Estimated Shell Abundance: 2.0×10 mg/kg

Estimated Ocean Abundance: 2.8×10 mg/lt

Stable Isotope Number: 2

Ionization Energy: 11.260 eV

Oxidation States: +4, +2, -4

First Carbon in the Universe:

The common belief among physicists today is that most of the carbon in the universe is formed by nuclear reactions that take place in the center of stars. In summary, this process takes place as follows: Three alpha particles (helium atom nuclei), each consisting of two protons and two neutrons, come together and fuse, resulting in carbon atom nuclei consisting of six protons and six neutrons. This process happens very rarely. First of all, it is unlikely that the three alpha particles will come together and fuse together. Second, the resulting high-energy carbon nuclei are unstable, even if the three alpha particles are fused. The vast majority of them break up again in a short time, only nuclei that lose energy by gamma radiation are able to transform into stable carbon atoms. Estimates suggest that for every 10,000 carbon atoms formed by the triple alpha process, only four of their nuclei turn into stable carbon atoms.

The properties of crude oil are determined by the geological history of the deposits in which they are found. Louisiana and Nigerian crudes are similar; both are formed from similar marine debris. Far Eastern oils are usually waxy, black or brown in color, low in sulfur and similar to Central African oils; they are based on terrestrial deposits. Middle Eastern oils have low wax content, but high sulfur content. Western Australian oil is light and honey-colored, North Sea oil is waxy, green-black in color. The properties of oils in the USA are very diverse, due to the diverse geological histories of the regions. The oldest oil-bearing rocks are more than 600 million years old, and the youngest are around 1 million years old. Most of the oil deposits discovered and found are between 10-270 million years old.

The most critical factor in the formation of oil and gas deposits is the subsurface temperature, which increases with depth. Petroleum hydrocarbons are rarely formed at temperatures below 150 °F, and hydrocarbons formed at temperatures higher than 500 °F decompose and become carbonized; The ideal temperature range is between 225-350 degrees.

anterior cambrium layer; They are the layers from the formation of the earth (~4 billion years ago) to the time when the first known multicellular organisms began (550 million years ago). Since the oil is considered to be of organic origin, drilling is not carried out until these layers.

In the Paleozoic and Mesozoic times (550-65 million years ago), dense forests and seas were filled with plants and animals. Over time, some of the dead or some of the living were covered with sand or mud to protect them from degradation, and thus the formation process of oil began. Sometimes the process took place with mudsliding, sand dunes shifting, sometimes volcanic eruptions, sometimes meteors colliding with the earth, throwing huge clouds and dust. These deposited layers were exposed to increasing pressures and therefore rising temperatures with new layers added on them.

As the earth's crust shifted, these layers, which began to form, were pushed deeper and deeper. The center of the earth, as is known, is very hot and the rocks are in a liquefied state. Chemical reactions that took place over thousands of years with bacteria active in all these conditions formed the natural gas and crude oil components.

Organic matter was buried under sand and mud, as pressure increased, oil flowed into nearby rocks. Although rocks look like solid masses, they contain many pores, and some rocks have more and larger pores than others. There are three basic rock types; volcanic, metamorphic (metamorphic) and sedimentary (or sedimentary) rocks. Oil is mostly found around sedimentary rocks, but not every sedimentary rock contains oil. Only 2% of the organic matter turns into oil, and only 0.5% can be recovered. Hydrocarbons are lighter than water and migrate upward from the porous rocks in which they are found until they are captured by non-porous (non-porous) layers (traps).

Conventional oil and gas deposits do not show a regular distribution in terms of both location and time. Large oil and gas deposits are located in few basins or classical oil fields less than 20000 ft (6.1 km) deep. This non-uniform distribution is related to the formation or breaking properties of the layers.

There are more than 600 basins and sub-basins in the world and most of them are collected in a few geological regions; possible calculations show that as much as 80% of the original oil reserves are concentrated in 10 regions. The Arabian Platform and the Zagros Belt (Saudi Arabia-Iran-Iraq) have the largest known and discovered reserves.

Although it is formed in all geological periods, 95% of all reservoirs in the world, according to known hydrocarbon deposits, were formed in six geological time periods.

Source rocks (layers rich in organic matter that produce hydrocarbons) are the primary key to any major petroleum system. Source rocks are accumulated and preserved in a variety of marine and terrestrial geological deposits.

When the distribution of these sediments, which were formed starting from the Precambrian period, is examined, it is seen that 90% of them belong to six geological phases. The two Mesozoic phases (Upper Jurassic and Middle Cretaceous) are estimated to contain more than half of all identified hydrocarbon reserves. Source rocks of this age are found in the Middle East, Siberia, the United States, the North Sea, Venezuela, and Mexico, where the world's major oil fields are located.

The most abundant elements in the universe:

1.Hydrogen,

2.Helium,

3. Oxygen,

4.Neon,

5. Nitrogen,

6. Carbon,

7.Silicon,

8.Magnesium,

9.Iron,

10. Sulfur

Carbon has been known since ancient times. Carbon is most commonly obtained from coal deposits, but often needs to be converted to a form suitable for commercial use. Three naturally occurring allotropes of carbon are known to exist: amorphous, graphite, and diamond.

Amorphous carbon is formed when a carbon-containing material burns without enough oxygen for it to burn completely. Also known as lampblack, gas black, channel black or carbon black, this black soot is used to make inks, paints and rubber products. It can also be pressed into shapes and used, among other things, to form the core of most dry cells.

Graphite, one of the softest materials known, is a form of carbon primarily used as a lubricant. Although naturally occurring, most commercial graphite is produced by processing petroleum coke, the black tar residue left after refining crude oil, in an oxygen-free furnace. Naturally occurring graphite occurs in two forms, alpha and beta. These two forms have the same physical properties but different crystal structures. All artificially produced graphite is of the alpha type. In addition to being used as a lubricant, graphite in the form known as coke is used in large quantities in steel production. Coke is made by heating soft coal in a furnace without allowing oxygen to mix. Although it is commonly called lead, the black material used in pencils is actually graphite.

Diamond, the third naturally occurring form of carbon, is one of the hardest materials known. Although naturally occurring diamond is typically used for jewellery, most commercial grade diamonds are artificially produced. These tiny diamonds are made by compressing graphite under high temperature and pressure for several days or weeks and are mainly used to make things like diamond-tipped saw blades. Despite having very different physical properties, graphite and diamond differ only in their crystal structure.

A fourth allotrope of carbon known as white carbon was produced in 1969. It is a transparent material that can split a single beam of light into two beams, this property is known as birefringence. Little is known about this type of carbon.

Large molecules consisting only of carbon, known as buckminsterfullerenes or buckyballs, have been discovered recently and are currently the subject of much scientific interest. A single buckyball consists of 60 or 70 carbon atoms (C60 or C70) bonded together in a soccer ball-like structure. They can trap other atoms within their framework, appear to withstand great pressures, and have magnetic and superconducting properties.

Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a half-life of 5,730 years, is used to find the age of ancient living things through a process known as radiocarbon dating. The theory behind carbon dating is pretty simple. Scientists know that a small amount of naturally occurring carbon is carbon-14. Although carbon-14 decays to nitrogen -14 through beta decay , the amount of carbon-14 in the environment remains constant, as new carbon-14 is always created by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere. Living things tend to ingest carbon-containing materials, so the percentage of carbon-14 in living things is the same as the percentage of carbon-14 in the environment. When an organism dies, it no longer digests anything. The carbon-14 in that organism is no longer replaced and the percentage of carbon-14 begins to decrease as it degrades. By measuring the percentage of carbon-14 in an organism's remains and assuming that the natural abundance of carbon-14 remains constant over time, scientists can predict when that organism died.

There are about ten million known carbon compounds, and an entire branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry is devoted to their research. Many carbon compounds are essential for life as we know it. Some of the most common carbon compounds are: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), chloroform (CHCh 3 ), carbon tetrachloride (CCI 4 ), methane (CH 4 ), ethylene (C 1 - 2 , H 4 ), acetylene (C 2 , H 2 ), benzene (C 6 , H 6 ),

ethyl alcohol (C1-2, H5, OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH).

In many parts of the world, crude oil extracted from oil fields is processed in refineries to obtain substances consisting of carbon chains of different lengths. These substances are called petroleum derivatives. All oils, heavy, thick or thin, are hydrocarbons.
Petrol, among the people, is only a certain fuel; Although it is known as Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, actually the word oil; means unprocessed crude oil that is in its natural state and extracted from underground.
Carbon, It is in Period 2 and group 4A. It is denoted by the symbol C. It is nonmetal. It has 6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons. It combines with some elements to form living life. The compounds it makes with Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen are very important for life. Its melting point is 3500 and boiling point is 4800 degrees. All living things contain the element Carbon. It is found in about 1% of the earth's crust. It is the 6th most abundant element in the universe. Solid at room conditions and black or colorless
Carbon has a completely different and unique structure from other elements in terms of the number and variety of compounds it can make. Over half a million different compounds of carbon have been separated and identified so far. But even that tells little about the capabilities of carbon. Because carbon forms the basis of all living matter.
Of the two million known different molecules, 1,700,000 are molecules with a skeleton of carbon atoms. These compounds are studied in the enormous branch of chemistry called organic chemistry. Carbon atoms form chains very easily by arranging one after another along long lines. The shortest chain consists of two carbon atoms. So which is the longest chain? Not yet known.
None of the other elements have such a capability. Carbon is unrivaled in its chain-forming capacity. Chains can branch and close to form links. Rings are polygons made up of three, four, five, six or more carbon atoms.

Octane: It is a Hydrocarbon found in petroleum. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons and does not always have a fixed chemical composition. Crude oil, which is a natural fuel, shows compositions that vary according to the countries where it is found. There are many types of petroleum with different chemical composition, formed by the combination of hydrocarbons with different chemical contents. Such as paraffin-based oil, asphalt-based oil. Normal octane (C8H18 is a straight chain hydrocarbon; it is used as a reference fuel for determination of the octane number of gasoline.

Beta Decay :

It is a process that unstable atoms can use to become more stable.

There are two types of beta decay, beta-minus and beta-plus.

Beta Minus Decay:

A neutron in the nucleus of an atom turns into a proton , an electron and an antineutrino . The electron and antineutrino now move away from the nucleus, which has one more proton than it started. Because an atom gains a proton during beta minus decay, it changes from one element to another. For example, after undergoing beta minus decay, a carbon atom (with 6 protons) becomes a nitrogen atom (with 7 protons).

Beta Plus Decay:

A proton in the nucleus of an atom turns into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino. The positron and neutrino now move away from the nucleus, which has one less proton than when it started. Because an atom loses a proton during beta plus decay, it changes from one element to another. For example, after beta plus decay, a carbon atom (with 6 protons) becomes a boron atom (with 5 protons). Although the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus changes during beta decay, the total number of particles (protons + neutrons) remains the same.

Positron:

The antimatter counterpart of the electron While observing cosmic ray showers, positrons were discovered in 1932 by Carl Anderson.

Neutrino:

Neutrinos are neutral particles that rarely interact with matter.

Scientists know of three types of neutrinos:

electron-neutrinos,
muon-neutrinos
Tau-neutrinos.

Properties of Carbon

Physical characteristics :

All the physical and chemical properties of carbon are related to the crystal structure of the element. The high temperature required for melting and boiling only ensures that the three-dimensional covalent bonds in the crystals can be broken.
4 electrons in its final orbital is found. Elemental carbon occurs in two crystalline structures, diamond and graphite.

Chemical Properties:

Chemically pure carbon is obtained by decomposing sugar (sucrose) by heating in an airless environment. Other substances in the carbon are cleaned by curing with chlorine gas in the flame. It is then washed with water and separated from chlorine in a hydrogen gas environment.
Element carbon is a fairly heavy substance. It is insoluble in water-diluted acids and bases and organic solvents. At high temperatures, it combines with oxygen to form carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). It is used in organic chemistry, metallurgy and biochemical reactions to explain the mechanisms at work, and in archeology for age determination.

Presence in Nature:

Carbon and its compounds are very common in the world. It is thought to constitute 0.032% of the earth's crust.
In the free state, the element exists in the form of coal beds containing complex and amorphous (amorphous) carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen compounds. Pure carbon in the crystalline structure is seen in the structure of graphite and diamond. Carbon compounds form a large part of the carbon in nature.
For example, there is CO2 in the atmosphere at the rate of 0.03% of its total volume. Minerals such as limestone, dolomite, marble and chalk all contain carbonates. Plant and animal life is entirely based on organic compounds formed by carbon with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and some other elements.
Natural deposits such as oil, asphalt and pitch are also the remains of ancient animals and plants. In addition, natural gas deposits contain entirely carbon-hydrogen compounds.

Carbon Compounds

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) :

It is formed by the reaction of a metal or organic compound with carbonic acid. It is a kind of chemical compound known as limestone among the people. It is also known as calcite.
Although it is a member of antacids, the excess is biologically harmful. The most densely known rocks in nature are aragonite, calcite, vaterite, chalk, limestone, marble and travertine. In industry, it is used extensively in the production of different materials such as marble, chalk and limestone. Likewise, this compound is extensively used in the production of paint materials.
Calcium carbonate, which is also used in PVC production, is a molecule used in ceramic production.

Carbon disulfide (CS2) :

It is obtained by the reaction of natural gas or petroleum with sulfur and by condensing carbon disulfide vapors after heating sulfur and charcoal together. It is explosive when ignited, igniting even by friction. It is used as a solvent in the production of carbon tetrachloride and in the separation of mineral dusts.

Carbon monoxide (CO):

An inorganic compound that can be colorless, odorless, gaseous or liquid. It burns with a purple flame. It is slightly soluble in water, well soluble in alcohol and benzene. The reaction of steam with hot coke or natural gas, detonation of organic fuels with little oxygen, dehydration of formic acid, are some of the methods of obtaining carbon monoxide. Toxic when inhaled; It is an explosive gas.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) :

It is a chlorinated, colorless hydrocarbonic liquid. Its vapor is 5.3 times heavier than air. It is not explosive. It is obtained by high temperature chlorination of methane or higher hydrocarbons. It has a respiratory poisoning effect. It is used as a coolant and in the construction of semiconductors.

Carbon Black :

Carbon black is the name given to solid forms of carbon produced by advanced controlled processes.
Although carbon black has 95% carbon (:C) element as content, it also contains small amounts of oxygen (:O), hydrogen (:H), and nitrogen (:N). Carbon black is mainly used in the wheel and rubber sectors. It is also used for the purpose of strengthening the material, abrasion resistance and keeping the heat caused by friction on the road. In this way, it is ensured that the life of the wheel is kept longer. Carbon Black is also a good conductor. It is preferred in products where static electricity is not desired, such as car gas caps or fuel pipes.

Carbon black is also mainly used in the plastics industry. Carbon black is preferred for black painting on plastic products. The dyeing power of a carbon black depends on its size and important properties such as hue, ultraviolet resistance, dispersibility and so on.

Nodule/Particle: (15-300 nanometers)
Aggregate: (85-500 nanometers)
Agglomerate: (1-100 micrometers)

The dyeing power and color tones in Black Masterbatch vary according to the carbon black used.

There are three aspects related to color in black masterbatches:

Blackness: (degree of reflecting light)
Jetness: (The value associated with the color black)
Alttone: (Back color felt in color)

Carbon Compounds

Identification of Carbon Compounds

The separation of a separate branch of chemistry for only one of the more than 100 elements known today is due to the carbon atom's ability to form more compounds than any other element.
Today, more than 4 million carbon compounds are known, and every year thousands of new compounds are created in laboratories by synthesis or obtained from natural sources.
What makes carbon atoms different from other element atoms; strong covalent bonds between themselves.
Carbon atoms can form long chains or small and large rings by bonding to each other and to some other atoms. In addition, carbon atoms can make single, double or triple bonds among themselves, unlike other element atoms.
All of this causes carbon to take a more special place.

Compounds of carbon atoms are defined by the number of carbon atoms in the compound:

When defining carbon compounds, the number of carbon atoms in the compound alone is not sufficient. Also, the number of bonds between the carbon atoms in the compound must be specified.

It should be noted here; it is not the total number of bonds in the compound, but the number of bonds between each of the two carbon atoms.

All carbons in the compound

When making a single bond (-an)

when even at least one double bond (-en)

When you make at least one triple bond (-in)

are brought to define attachments.

Sometimes the compounds are not in the form of straight carbon chains. The carbon atoms at both ends of the compound are bonded to each other and form a ring-shaped structure. In order to distinguish these ringed compounds from straight chains, the prefix «cyclo» is prefixed to their names.

Allotrope Carbons

The forms of atoms of an element that differ in their arrangement in space are called allotropes. Allotropes are made up of a single element. However, since the atoms of this element show a different arrangement, the physical and many chemical properties of the element are different from each other. Different sequences resulted in different bond energies and bond structures.

The two natural allotropes of the carbon atom are graphite and diamond. Fullerene is an artificial allotrope of the C atom.

Diamond :

It is the hardest substance known in nature. Diamond of the earth's crust carbon in the depths of volcanoes and the earth's crust

It was formed by the melting of the magma inserted into the fissures by its heat and compressing it under high pressure. Diamond is the best conductor of heat. The refractive index is high. your diamond The value of the refractive index is relative to the wavelength of the light passing through it.

is changing. Diamond burns in air at 850 °C, its melting point is 3547 °C. Airless It turns into graphite at 1500 °C in the environment.

In diamond, one C atom bonds with 4 neighboring C atoms to form tetrahydral bonds. All of the electrons in the outermost orbital participate in bond formation. Since it has no free electrons, it does not conduct electricity. In the diamond material, C atoms have formed a regular tetrahedral structure. The bonds between the C atoms are very strong. Therefore, it is hard and durable. Due to its durability, diamond is used in cutting and drilling tools in industry. It is also used in diamond polishing and grinding processes. Diamond is used in many areas in the automotive industry. Diamond is also used in the jewelry industry. Due to its optical properties, diamond is a precious jewel. 75% of the diamond in the world is used for industry and 25% is used for jewelry making. Diamonds are mostly mined in countries such as Australia, South Africa, Indonesia, South America and India.

Graphite :

It is very soft, oily to the touch and has the property of bending into thin sheets. It is a black, brightly colored solid. In the graphite structure, three of the electrons in the last orbit of the C atom bond with the electrons of other atoms, while one electron is in the free state. This free electron, which does not participate in bond formation, made graphite a good conductor. In graphite, carbon atoms are in the form of hexagonal rings and in layers. The most important properties of graphite are that it is soft and oily and is a good conductor of electricity. It is used in the electrical electronics industry. It is used as a brush in electric motors because it is conductive, robust and flexible. It is also used in pencils. Graphite has a high melting point. Graphite is also flexible. It is resistant to corrosion and oxidation. It has the ability to absorb radio waves. Its ability to withstand high temperatures has enabled it to be used in metal melting processes in the iron and steel industry. Its main origins are Sri Lanka, North America and Mexico.

Graphite is formed in the form of horizontal layers and its usage area is quite high. Due to its properties, the usage areas of graphite are very wide. It is used in pencil making and lubrication of moving metal parts due to its softness, in casting and refractory industry, in the manufacture of crucibles and laboratory materials due to its resistance to fire and acids. Black fire resistant paints usually made of graphite. Due to its good electrical conductivity, it is used in the manufacture of electrodes, motor brushes, battery bars and electronic devices. Graphite is also used as an additive in tires, car linings, matches and engine oils.

"Fixed carbon" or "percentage of ash content" in the use of graphite are the parameters that determine the purity of graphite and accordingly help to determine its usage areas. Although the purest graphite is mostly used in electric batteries, dry cells, steel industry and electrometallurgy industry, electrodes in electrical devices, pencil making and reactors as atomic graphite, less pure graphites in foundry (iron-steel), painting, refractory coatings and making refractory pastes in furnaces, graphite greases and can be used in many other fields.

According to the usage area of graphite, its shape is usually not specified. However, in the construction of crucible-shaped refractories, its superior properties Due to this, the flake-shaped graphite type is used in other metallurgical applications. Amorphous graphite is preferred because it is cheaper.

Usage areas of graphite:

Graphite Used as Lubricant in Machinery Parts: Its slipperiness, softness and long-term adhesion on machine parts It can be used as a lubricant in machine bearings. The graphite that can be used for this area should be very pure (at least 95% graphitized carbon) and should not contain hard minerals such as quartz. The most suitable type of graphite for this area is undoubtedly the flake form. After the graphite is ground to 0.1 - 1 micron size, it is colloidized in oil, water, alcohol or a similar carrier liquid and then conveyed to the desired location of the machine part. Depending on the type of carrier fluid, graphite forms a dry or wet layer here. Dry type, in furnace chains and cars, engine cylinders, marine vehicles and chemical plants; the wet layer type is used in ball bearings under high pressure.

Graphite Used in Melting - Crucible Industry: Almost half of the world production of graphite is used in this field. Since graphite has a very high melting point (approximately 4 000 °C), it is heat resistant. Expansion constant too low; It has very good resistance to mechanical loading, chemical exposure and temperature changes. It is among the preferred features especially for casting crucibles due to the fact that it conducts heat very well and that its outer surfaces are slippery so that a liquid does not grasp or hold the metal. Half its weight of fire clay or coal tar to impart bonding properties; Additions such as sand, firebrick and asbestos are made in order to gain the desired properties and reduce the cost. The ratio of the substances entering the mixture varies according to the purpose of use. Graphite type suitable for crucible, fine-grained (average grain size 0.3 mm.), high-density, ash and sulfur-free, high-grade (85% or more) containing graphitized carbon. If it contains ash, it is desirable that the ash has a high melting point (mostly Sri - Lankan type).

Graphite Used in Casting Industry: Graphite powders containing 40-60% graphitized carbon are mainly used in foundries. It is used to make casting molds by mixing with clay and sand. Ground coke powder and petroleum coke mixed with bentonite or olivine can replace graphite in this industry.

Graphite Used in Lead Making: The pencil lead is made from a treated mixture of kaolin, bentonite and graphite. The most suitable graphite type for this use is the fine-grained and compact one. Because of its softness, natural graphite is preferred. In proportion to its purity, its value in this field increases. Amorphous graphite is used for low quality pencil tips. In both cases, the desired type of graphite is one that does not contain abrasives (such as quartz) and has 96% graphitized carbon.

Graphite in the Production of Engine and Generator Brushes: These materials are made from high-temperature amorphous or vein-like natural graphite. For this purpose, the graphitized carbon content of the appropriate graphite should be more than 85%. Graphite and metal powders (copper or silver) bonded with pitch, tar or resin are used in making graphite brushes.

Other Uses of Graphite: In recent years, large amounts of graphite have been used in the dry cell industry. For this, flake type (plate-like) and graphite powder are the most suitable. It must contain at least 85% graphitic carbon. Graphite is also used in the aircraft industry, in certain jet engine parts and aircraft parts, using graphite filament-reinforced composite materials for substantial weight reduction. Such materials are also used in sports equipment, and research is being carried out on their usability in automobiles.

Graphite is widely used in atomic reactors, pharmaceutical production, and various branches of the metallurgical industry. It is used for two different purposes in powder metallurgy, graphite, bearing material and steelmaking, as a carbon supplier to steel. Graphite, as a lubricant during the shaping of the powder blend material by compression; During the sintering of this material, metal oxides act as reducing agents. Graphite used in iron and steel production must be very pure. Other It may not be so important that the graphite required in the production of some metals is equally pure. Depending on the change of factors such as the purity of graphite, grain size, size distribution and humidity; wear and friction at the desired level, oiled bearings can be manufactured. There is no limitation on the type and purity of graphite used in this field.

Fulleren:

It is an artificial allotrope of the carbon atom. It is similar in structure to graphite, but the arrangement and layers of the atoms are different from that in graphite. Fulleren are generally hollow ring, spherical, cylindrical structures formed by planar bonding of six carbon atoms. The smallest one consists of 60 carbon atoms. Shown as C60. Tubular compounds called fullerene compounds were made from the graphite allotrope of carbon by special methods.

Graphene:

It is the name given to one of the honeycomb braided structures of the carbon atom.

Buckminsterfullerene (Buckyball):

It is a fullerene with the formula C60. It has a lattice-like fused ring structure that looks like a soccer ball, consisting of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons. Each carbon atom has three bonds. It is a black solid that dissolves in hydrocarbon solvents to produce a purple solution.

Uses of Carbon

It has a wide variety of uses, from the presence of diamond as a free element to the production of printing ink. Graphite, a natural type of carbon, is used as an electrode in high-temperature crucibles and dry cells; It is used to make pencils and machine oil. Carbon compounds, on the other hand, have a much wider application depending on their number.

Activated Carbon :

It is a general term used to describe the family of carbonaceous adsorbents with its large crystal form and very large internal pore structure. Activated carbons are useful products that are harmless to human health and have a very high porosity and inner surface area. Activated carbons can attract molecules and ions in the solution to their inner surfaces through their pores, and therefore they are called adsorbent. Commercially activated carbons are obtained by activating carbons obtained from wood, peat, lignite, coal, charcoal, bone, coconut shell, rice shell, nut shell and oil products by passing through various processes.

Carbon-14 Test

Before the radiocarbon dating method was developed, it was difficult to tell what date an archaeological artifact belonged to. With the help of another find to be referenced, it was only necessary to guess. However, using these imprecise methods was often a concern for archaeologists. The process known as radiocarbon was developed in the late 1940s and is widely used today.

After an organism dies, the absorption of carbon-14 stops, the radioactive isotope begins to decay and it is not replenished. Based on this fact, archaeologists measure the amount of carbon-14 by comparing it with the stable isotope carbon-12 and determine how old an object is.

However, in this method, the sample to be tested should not touch organic matter (for example, human hands). In addition, the sample must be large to obtain more accurate data. However, in recent years, smaller samples have also been effectively tested using new techniques. If the sample to be tested is older than 50,000 years, the carbon-14 content may have dropped to practically undetectable levels at this point.

Despite these limitations, carbon-14 tests give archaeologists the most accurate results. Radiocarbon dating is vital for many archaeologists. Carbon-14 archaeological tests make it possible to compare the ages of objects on a world scale.

Briefly, the carbon-14 dating method is a method of determining the age of some archaeological artifacts of biological origin up to 50 thousand years ago. It is especially used for dating objects such as bone, fabric, wood and plant fibers.

Uses of Carbon

Karbon Fiber

Carbon Fiber

It was found near Cleveland Ohio in 1958. It was originally used only in isolation, filtration materials and lighting applications. Years later, the Union Carbide Company introduced carbonized fabric instead of fiberglass fabric to the American Air Force. Although its mechanical properties lagged behind other materials, Union Carbide realized the great potential of carbon fiber and then processed it perfectly to create carbon fiber.

Carbon fiber production types consist of 4 sections:

Oxidation:

First, the fibers are heated to 300 0C in the air environment. This process allows hydrogen to be separated from the fiber, adding more volatile oxygen. Then, for the carbonization stage, the fibers are cut and put into graphite troughs. It transforms from the polymer ladder structure into a stable ring structure. During this process, the color of the fiber changes from white to brown and then to black.

Carbonization:

It is the stage of 100% carbonization of the fibers by heating the fibers up to 3000 ° C in a non-flammable atmosphere. The temperature applied in the carbonization process determines the class of the fiber produced.

Surface Treatment:

The electrolyte is deposited in the bath to clean the surface of the carbon and to better adhere the fiber to the resin of the composite material.

Covering:

This stage is a neutral finishing process to protect the fiber from further processing. The fiber is covered with resin. Usually, epoxy is used for this coating process. It acts as an interface between the resin to be used in the composite material and the fiber.

Carbon fiber is famous for its stylish and modern appearance. However, carbon fiber is the most preferred for its performance. It has a combined strength and hardness-weight that is unmatched in the composite industry. In fact, when looking at strength to weight comparisons, carbon fiber outperforms most conventional building materials.

Graphite fibers formulate this strength. These fibers consist of about 95% carbon and give the highest ultimate tensile strength in the FRP industry. Tensile strength is the force required to pull both ends of any length until they break. What's more, carbon fiber also dominates the industry for a material's capacity to withstand loads that compress or tend to reduce in size, and flexural strength - the ability to resist deformation under load. These fibers are bundled and then combined in various ways to form carbon fiber reinforcement and parts that acquire this strength characteristic.